• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    Set and apparatus for direct use of solar energy for the production of heat, cooling, electricity and / or distillates, by evaporating solvents from a high affinity liquid for said solvent, comprising the steps of capturing solar energy with a solar energy absorber in an enclosure with a light transmissive boundary rock and with otherwise heat-insulated rocks, supply of a diluted solution of a solvent and a high affinity substance for said solvent to the absorber, the captured solar energy being mainly converted to latent heat in evaporated solvent, conduction of a permanent gas in the enclosure connected to uptake of vaporized solvent and heat, and uptake of the latent energy in one or more heat exchangers arranged in or outside the enclosure, heat transfer to a heat exchanger circulating through the heat exchanger and condensation of solvent.
    公开号:SE535847C2
    申请号:SE1050620
    申请日:2010-06-17
    公开日:2013-01-15
    发明作者:Tomas Aabyhammar
    申请人:Tomas Aabyhammar；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    535,847 requirements for advanced constructions, ie factors that make the systems more expensive. Overall, the current system provides low efficiency and thus limited applicability and in many cases a weak economy.
    Solar collectors concentrating a hygroscopic solution are described in US 4 Oll 731, US 5 182 921 and US 6 513 339. There are also a number of solutions where drinking water and / or a concentrated salt solution are produced from sea water. Common to these systems is that no heat is utilized.
    The incident solar energy can not be controlled, which means that there is a need to distribute energy production in time to meet the need for heating, cooling, electricity and distillates. Solar radiation and cooling needs usually show a clear connection, but there is still a need to be able to store cooling over a shorter or longer period of time.
    The invention The object of the present invention is to provide a method and a device of the kind mentioned in the introduction which makes it possible in relation to prior art to utilize the energy in incident solar rays more efficiently and thereby also makes it possible to store the recovered energy with known technology.
    This and also other objects and advantages are achieved by the present invention as defined in the appended independent claims 1 and 12, respectively. Further developments and preferred embodiments of the invention are set out in the subclaims to the respective independent claims.
    The essence of the invention is thus that captured solar energy according to the invention is mainly transferred to latent energy of an evaporated volatile component and that the latent energy does not contribute to a temperature increase which leads to heat losses. The latent energy is released in a later stage, where the heat losses can be limited in a more efficient way by better insulation and / or by reduced exposed area.
    Another significant contribution stems from the fact that the inherent high potential of the solar rays is utilized in close or in direct contact with the solution instead of transferring sensitive heat in several steps to a boiler outside the solar collector. The heat from the cooling system is delivered at a significantly higher temperature than in other systems. Furthermore, the potential of solar radiation can be used to simultaneously produce electricity, heat, distillates and to concentrate a solution.
    The higher efficiency of the primary energy capture is achieved by keeping the temperature behind the coverslip at a lower level compared to a conventional thermal solar collector and also lower than the temperature of the heat produced.
    The temperature in the device can be further reduced by active cooling of circulating gas in the area of incident sun rays, e.g. by adding liquid solvent.
    Brief Description of the Drawings Further objects, advantages and features of the invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments of the device according to the invention shown in the drawings. In the drawings, Fig. 1 schematically shows a first embodiment of a device for producing heat, hygroscopic solution and a distillate with the method according to the present invention, Fig. 2 a view corresponding to that in Fig. 1 of another embodiment of the device for carrying out of the method according to the present invention, where the absorber is permeable to gas, Fig. 3 yet another embodiment of a device for carrying out the method according to the present embodiment where production of heat with higher temperature can to any extent be prioritized at the expense of other utilities, wherein the device Fig. 4 schematically shows an alternative embodiment of the device for carrying out the method according to the invention, wherein the absorber consists of panels of solar cells for simultaneous production of electricity, Fig. 5 solar collectors for production of heat, cooling, concentrated solution and distillate with heat exchangers and bearings integrated in solar the catcher or separated therefrom, and Fig. 6 corresponds to Fig. 5 with input operating data at a radiation corresponding to 0.73 kW and a circulating flow of permanent gas of 7.2 g / s.
    Detailed description of the invention The invention will now be described in detail in connection with the embodiments schematically illustrated in the drawings of a device for carrying out the method according to the invention. The devices are illustrated as flat solar panels, which is today considered to be the most cost-effective type, but other types of solar panels are also covered, e.g. vacuum insulated glass tubes, solar collectors with reflectors, etc.
    The invention thus relates to a method and a device with which energy in incident solar radiation is used directly to concentrate a liquid by evaporation and to simultaneously produce heat and possibly also electricity.
    The liquid is primarily intended to contain a substance with low volatility but with a strong affinity for a volatile component, the volatile component acting as a solvent.
    The invention will be described for the case where the solvent is water and the non-volatile component is hygroscopic. Examples of non-volatile hygroscopic component are mineral salts with high solubility in water, an organic strongly polar liquid, such as e.g. a glycol or an alcohol, a readily soluble organic salt such as sodium or potassium formate or acetate. The liquid may also consist of mixtures of several such compounds. Although the mentioned organic compounds often have a certain vapor pressure, it is considerably lower than the pressure of the volatile component.
    The strong affinity for water leads to a reduction in the vapor pressure of water in contact with the substance compared to contact with pure water at the same temperature, at the same time as the boiling point of the liquid rises.
    Another substance combination is ammonia - water, where ammonia is the volatile solvent and water is the substance with high affinity for the solvent.
    Fig. 1 shows a first embodiment of a solar collector for carrying out the method according to the invention. The device will be described schematically with the parts which are essential for the invention while omitting line, pump and similar means as well as control means. The device comprises an absorber 1 for solar radiation, placed in an enclosure 2, which prevents direct exchange with the atmosphere, with a cover layer 3, preferably of glass, which allows the solar radiation, indicated by arrows 4, to pass to the absorber 1, but prevents re-radiation of heat. The other sides of the enclosure consist of 535,847 insulated walls. Furthermore, the device comprises means for distributing a diluted liquid from a tank (not shown) over a surface within the enclosure, preferably over the absorber 1, as indicated by the arrow 5. In this case, heat absorbed by the absorber is transferred to the diluted liquid so that the volatile component evaporates . A permanent gas, indicated by arrows 6a, transports heat and volatile component 6b from the evaporator, which acts as an evaporator, to a heat exchanger 7, which cools the gas, so that latent and sensitive heat is recovered while a condensate 8 of the volatile substance is formed. Arrows 6b thus denote heated gas containing volatile component and arrows 6a denote cooled gas. The permanent gas can be circulated in the system or it can be released and replaced with a new one, especially in the case where air constitutes the permanent gas.
    By cooling the gas in the heat exchanger 7, latent and sensitive heat is extracted at the same time as the volatile component condenses to condensate 8. At 9 cold heat carriers are led into the cooler / heat exchanger 7 and at 10 hot heat carriers are dissipated.
    At the lower end of the absorber, concentrated solution is indicated by the arrow ll. The condensation facilitates continued evaporation at a moderate temperature. The gas preferably circulates by natural convention, but it is also possible to use a fan.
    In a conventional solar collector, the heat from the solar radiation is captured as sensitive heat on the absorber. This leads to a temperature increase that strongly affects the heat loss.
    According to the invention, a large part of the energy is taken up as latent energy during evaporation of the solvent, which leads to the temperature inside the glass being kept lower, which in turn leads to reduced heat losses through the cover layer / glass. Again it should be pointed out that the invention 535 847 is described for flat solar collectors but other types can also be used.
    Unlike previously known solar collectors, this solar collector produces several benefits, in the form of: concentration of a hygroscopic solution (when the solvent is water); production of a stream of pure volatile component; and production of heat that is transferred to a secondary medium in the heat exchanger. All these utilities can be stored e.g. in tanks and used when needed. The system can of course also be used for non-hygroscopic liquids, e.g. for the treatment of a liquid stream by sunlight and distillation. In order to achieve a certain residence time in the evaporator, this can be designed so that a larger volume of liquid is constantly exposed to sunlight.
    The heat produced has a temperature level and a method of use that is similar to the situation with conventional thermal solar collectors. The concentrated solution can be used in various types of absorption processes, e.g. to treat a gas (eg ventilation air) by dehumidification, dehumidification, heating, cooling. When dehumidifying the air in a building or in the surroundings, an excess of solvent (water) is formed which can constitute a valuable resource for other purposes.
    The solution can also be used in cooling machines or heat pumps of the absorption type where the solution constitutes the working medium in the production of heat or cooling and where the solar collector constitutes the regenerator part in the complete absorption process.
    Another area of use is to use the solution for defrosting heat-absorbing surfaces in heat exchangers, heat pumps, other refrigeration and freezing applications and in extension of this use a cooled solution as a frost-protected heat-absorbing surface in cold environments. Solar collectors according to the invention can form the core of an energy and air conditioning system for a unit, such as a building, a vehicle, or the like.
    Fig. 2 shows a second embodiment of a solar collector according to the invention. The same reference numerals marked with "'" are used in this figure to denote the same or corresponding components or flows as in Fig. 1. The device according to Fig. 2 takes into account that the factor that has the greatest effect on the efficiency of a solar collector is the temperature difference across the coverslip. The other surfaces to the surroundings can be insulated effectively, but the possibilities of insulating the glass surface are severely limited, as the light radiation must pass. If the internally circulating gas after cooling is led to the space between the glass and the absorber, the temperature difference is reduced so that the losses decrease and the efficiency increases. Unlike the embodiment according to Fig. 1, the cooler 7 'is positioned so that the cooled gas flows down on the front of the absorber 1'. The absorber 1 'extends substantially over the entire extent of the enclosure 2' and is permeable so that the gas passes through the absorber. The gas is heated at the passage through the absorber and absorbs the volatile component which is evaporated by the heat absorbed by the absorber and the heated gas 6b 'with volatile component is passed through the channel formed between the wall of the enclosure and the absorber to the heat exchanger 7'. Due to the fact that the cooled gas is in contact with the cover glass and the heated gas is in contact with the preferably well-insulated wall of the enclosure, a significant improvement of the efficiency is achieved. The diluted solution is fed to the absorber and distributed and passed through it, whereupon the concentrated solution is diverted at 11 '.
    Fig. 3 shows a third variant of a device for carrying out the method according to the invention. The solar collector in this case has a built-in heat pump, is designed for concentration 10 5 5 8 847 of a solution, production of distillate, production of electricity and production of heat with elevated temperature. In the enclosure 29 with light-transmitting limiting wall 30, an absorber 31 is arranged in the form of a photovoltaic solar cell panel / evaporator which generates electricity. Diluted solution from a layer is distributed over the surface of the panel and volatile component is evaporated, at 32, by the heat generated by incident sunbeams 33. A permanent gas circulates as in the embodiment of Fig. 1, heating gas being denoted by arrows 34 and cooled gas with arrows 35. The gas is heated and traps volatile component to then be passed through a heat exchanger 36. Concentrated solution 37 from stock or as illustrated in Fig. 3 from the lower part of the evaporator is pumped with a pump 38 up and distributed over the heat exchanger (= gas cooler) heat absorption surface. The volatile component is then absorbed to a greater extent and / or at a higher temperature compared to the case without a solution containing the substance with high affinity for the volatile component. With this approach, the heat carrier leaving the heat exchanger can reach a higher temperature than that prevailing in the solar collector. The gas leaving the radiator will contain a smaller proportion of volatile component, which in turn facilitates evaporation in the evaporation part. If all the solution is used in this way, the system becomes simple in such a way that all the solution is circulated alternately over the evaporator and the cooler. Alternatively, you can work actively with the layers of solution, heat and distillate.
    If the light-transmitting boundary wall in Figs. 1 - 3 consists of a panel of solar cells or comprises solar cells, which absorb the most energy-rich parts of the light spectrum for electricity production while other light passes to the thermal absorber, electricity can be produced at the same time as a large part of 847 the heat development in the solar cells and the energy in the remaining light are supplied to the thermal part, as described with reference to Figs. 1-3.
    Fig. 4 shows a solar collector according to the invention in the form of a variant of the solar collector, shown in Fig. 2. Like the solar collector in Fig. 2, it has a cooled cover plate 40, and is intended for concentration of hygroscopic solution and production of heat and distillate, but unlike the solar collector of Fig. 2, which has a homogeneous permeable absorber, gas passage openings 41 are arranged distributed along the extent of the absorber 42 at the same time as the absorber consists of solar cell panels for the production of electricity. Diluted solution 43 is introduced into the evaporator / absorber 42, the volatile component being evaporated by heat from the absorber, which is supplied with energy from the incident sunbeams 44. Cold dry gas 45 passes through the passage openings 41 at the same time as it heats up and picks up volatile component. The hot gas 46 with volatile component is led to the cooler 47, in which cold heat carrier 48, e.g. from tank, led in and hot heat carrier 49 is diverted, e.g. to tank. From the lower part of the enclosure 50, concentrated solution 51. is removed. The incoming dilute solution 43 flows over the absorber, which is indicated at 52.
    When solar energy is used for the production of electricity in solar cells, between 5 and 20% of the incident energy is utilized. Some leave the system as reflection, but most are converted to heat in the solar panel. A solar panel can thus be considered as a thermal absorbent with a slightly reduced heating effect. If electricity production is sought, one or more panels of solar cells are used as an absorber in the solar collector according to the invention. 535 847 ll To free the solar cells from the influence of the solution, the evaporator / evaporator can be moved from the absorber / solar panel to the back of the solar collector.
    A further application of the invention is schematically illustrated in Fig. 5. Here, in the same manner as before, a dilute solution is concentrated in a solar collector 55 with an absorber 56 for solar energy of one of the previously described embodiments. The solvent stripped from the solution is passed, arrow 57, by means of a permanent gas to a system 58 of heat exchangers, which recover heat while dehumidifying the gas.
    The heat exchanger system 58 may be integrated in the solar collector or located nearby to operate multiple solar collectors. For the sake of convenience, the heat exchanger system is shown schematically outside the solar collector 55. The moist and hot gas (eg air with a high content of solvent, eg water) is cooled and dehumidified in several stages I, II and III and then moistened in a heat-demanding stage IV which thus produces cooling.
    In the schematically shown flow chart, the gas heated in the solar collector passes four heat exchanger steps I - IV: I - The gas is contacted with concentrated solution, arrow 59, which gives a temperature rise when absorption / condensation of the solvent in the solution. The process is carried out in the heat exchanger I, where the heating surface is covered by the solution. Gas and liquid are led in cocurrent through the heat exchanger, which gives a large temperature rise in the inlet 61 and a low content of solvent in the gas at the outlet 62. The gas is then moderately dehumidified and still hot. The heated medium, arrow 63, is led in countercurrent to the gas and can reach a temperature which exceeds the temperature of the incoming gas by raising the boiling point.
    II - In heat exchanger II, cooling takes place without solution, which gives condensation of pure solvent by cooling in 10 5 5 B47 12 to a sufficiently low temperature. The gas becomes slightly drier and colder.
    III - In heat exchanger III, cooling with solution takes place, which gives additional absorption of solvent at a similar temperature as in the previous step. The gas then becomes very dry, which also means that the energy state of the gas, enthalpy, is low.
    IV - Addition of pure solvent, from II, tank or external supply, which gives evaporation in the dry gas, which cools the gas down to the saturation temperature at the current energy content of the gas while heat is taken up for the further evaporation. Heat is supplied to the heat exchanger at low temperatures. The amount of heat absorbed can be used for cooling purposes. The gas becomes almost saturated and is close to the temperature of the heating medium, the energy content is now again relatively high but the temperature is low.
    The gas is then led back, arrow 64, to the solar collector 55 where the solar energy heats the gas so that it can take up solvents from the hot solution, which flows over or through the absorber. Since the gas before contact with the absorber is cold, the heat loss from the absorber will be less than if the gas was hot. It should be noted that the absorber acts as an absorber for solar energy and at the same time as a desorbator for solvents. In the solar collector, the gas is heated and humidified to a high energy state with moderate temperature and then supplied to the heat exchanger I as above.
    Through the system described above, the following are achieved. Heat is produced in the same way as before with good efficiency in the solar collector and at a higher temperature on the heat carrier than what prevails in the solar absorber. By reducing the flow of circulating gas, the temperature and moisture content of the gas are increased to Heat Exchanger I, so that the absorption temperature and thus the temperature of the heat carrier increases. In addition, additional heat is recovered in connection with further dehumidification in the following heat exchangers II - III. This heat may have more limited use, as its temperature is lower. The cooling of the gas, I - III, is critical for the production of cooling in the last stage. In the second heat exchanger II, the gas is cooled without solution with the aim of producing a pure condensate for use in the production of cooling in the fourth heat exchanger, arrow 65. Heat exchangers I and II can also be connected in parallel in the gas flow so that I produce heat of high temperature and II produces condensate. The distribution of the gas can be controlled so that the desired amount of condensate is produced.
    To achieve the highest possible dehumidification of the gas, solution and cooling are combined in the third heat exchanger III. If the temperature of the incoming heat medium does not provide the desired cooling in the heat exchanger II and III, self-generated cooling from the heat exchanger IV can be used to achieve the desired temperature e.g. in heat exchangers V and VI for liquid. By controlling this heat transfer, the cooling temperature in step IV can be controlled. The liquid flows can thus be connected and controlled in several different ways depending on the conditions and the current operating situation.
    After dehumidification and cooling, the gas is contacted with pure solvent in the heat exchanger IV. Some solvents evaporate, whereby gas and liquid are cooled to the saturation temperature at the current energy state. During this process, the medium on the other side of the heat exchanger is cooled.
    The cooling effect produced is proportional to the flow of gas circulating in the system. During operation, the exchange of high temperature heat can be optimized against the exchange of cold by controlling the gas flow. Less flow gives heat of higher temperature, higher flow gives greater cooling effect. At the same time, the intermediate cooling should produce a sufficient amount of pure solvent to meet the cooling need. When these balances are achieved, production takes place without any external supply other than solar energy, apart from the energy requirement for circulation of the medium, etc. A need that can well be met by the solar cells that can be included in the system.
    By allowing the moisture in the gas that is led back to the solar collector from the heat exchanger IV to condense towards the inside of the coverslip, low-grade heat can be cooled off.
    To illustrate the capacity of the solar collector according to the invention, data for a typical operating situation have been given in Fig. 6, which corresponds to Fig. 5. At a radiation of 0.73 kW, the loss is 0.35 kW and 0.38 kW is absorbed by the solar collector.
    The gas that leaves the solar collector and is led into the heat exchanger system has a temperature of 40 ° C and a relative humidity of 70%.
    The gas that is led back into the solar collector has a temperature of ° C and a relative humidity of 95%. Heat corresponding to 0.8 kW at a temperature of 55 ° C and cooling corresponding to 0.42 kW at a temperature of 6 ° C are produced by the system. to produce heat of higher temperature.
    According to a further development of the invention, the optional heat source of the system described above consists of a collector where the heat loss from the solar collector is collected and supplied as low-temperature heat in the system, whereby a very good efficiency can be combined with a high delivery temperature.
    The heat loss can be collected by placing a heat exchanger over the solar collector so that heated air from the area in front of the solar collector's coverslips is contacted with the heat exchanger. Also the special case of using the space between double cover layers on the solar collector, e.g. a glass and a film, are covered.
    权利要求:
    Claims (6)
    [1]
    1. Methods of direct use of solar energy for the production of heat, cooling, electricity and / or distillates, by evaporating solvents from a liquid, capturing solar energy with an absorber (1 ', 42, 56) for solar energy arranged in an enclosure ( 2 ', 50) with a light-transmitting barrier wall (3', 40), supplying a dilute solution of a solvent and a substance with high affinity for said solvent to the absorber, the captured solar energy being mainly converted to latent heat in evaporated solvent, line of a permanent gas in the enclosure adjacent to the absorber for absorbing vaporized solvent and heat, and absorbing the latent energy in a heat exchanger arranged inside or outside the enclosure (7 ', 47; I, II, III, IV) for heat dissipation to a heat carrier circulating through the heat exchanger and condensation of solvent, the gas circulating in the solar collector after passage of the absorber being contacted downstream with conc entrained solution in the heat exchanger and heat exchanged therein in countercurrent with the heat carrier, characterized in that the absorber (1 ', 42, 56) is gas permeable and that the gas is circulated through the absorber from the solar energy absorbing side to its opposite side, then through the heat exchanger (7', 47; I, II, III, IV) and then re-passed through the absorber from its solar energy-absorbing side.
    [2]
    Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the absorber (1 ', 56) is permeable to the gas.
    [3]
    Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the absorber (42, 56) has a number of discrete passage openings (41) for the gas. 10 15 535 847 17
    [4]
    Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the solution is passed alternately through the absorber (1 ', 42, 56) for solar energy acting as an evaporator and through the heat exchanger 7', 47) which acts as an absorber for solvents and coolers, whereby a heat pump function.
    [5]
    A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the circulating gas is contacted downstream with concentrated solution in several steps (I; III) in a heat exchanger cooled by a heat carrier, which meets said gas and solution in countercurrent, whereby a long-term dehumidification of the gas.
    [6]
    Method according to claim 5, characterized in that the gas is then moistened in a heat-demanding step (IV) to thereby produce cooling for a cooling system, whereby a heat pump function is achieved when the heat taken up from the cooling system reaches the heat carrier.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    SE1050620A2|2014-03-04|
    SE1050620A1|2011-12-18|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    法律状态:
    2019-01-29| NUG| Patent has lapsed|
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    SE1050620A|SE1050620A2|2010-06-17|2010-06-17|Solar panels|SE1050620A| SE1050620A2|2010-06-17|2010-06-17|Solar panels|
    CA2802840A| CA2802840A1|2010-06-17|2011-06-16|A method in treating solvent containing gas|
    PCT/SE2011/050757| WO2011159244A1|2010-06-17|2011-06-16|A method in treating solvent containing gas|
    EP11796061.7A| EP2582447A4|2010-06-17|2011-06-16|A method in treating solvent containing gas|
    US13/702,966| US20130081413A1|2010-06-17|2011-06-16|Method in treating solvent containing gas|
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